Is a German Shepherd Worth the Cost

Bringing a German Shepherd into your life is an incredibly rewarding experience, but let's be honest, the thought of the financial commitment can feel like a huge question mark for many prospective owners. It’s not just about the initial adoption or purchase price; it’s about the years of care, feeding, training, and unforeseen expenses that truly add up. This comprehensive guide is here to unravel the real costs of German Shepherd ownership and help you decide if this magnificent breed is a financially viable and emotionally fulfilling addition to your family.

The Initial Investment: More Than Just a Puppy Price Tag

When you first start looking at German Shepherds, whether you're dreaming of a fluffy puppy or considering giving an older dog a second chance, it's easy to get caught up in the excitement. But before you even bring your new companion home, there are significant costs that need to be accounted for. This isn't just a simple transaction; it's the first step in a long-term financial commitment.

Understanding Puppy vs. Adoption Costs

The very first financial decision you'll face is whether to purchase a German Shepherd puppy from a breeder or adopt an older dog from a rescue. Each path has its own distinct cost structure, and understanding these differences is crucial for responsible budgeting.

For those dreaming of a German Shepherd puppy, the price from a reputable breeder can range significantly, typically from $1,500 to $5,000, and sometimes even more for top show lines or highly trained working dogs. This price usually reflects the breeder's investment in health testing their breeding stock for common issues like German Shepherd Hip Dysplasia Explained and Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds, quality nutrition for the dam and pups, initial vet checks, vaccinations, deworming, and sometimes even early socialization and microchipping. When you're looking at a higher price tag, you're often paying for the peace of mind that comes with health guarantees and the assurance that the puppy has come from carefully selected parents with excellent temperaments and genetic backgrounds. Never compromise on a reputable breeder just to save a few dollars initially; the long-term health and behavioral problems from poorly bred dogs can quickly eclipse any upfront savings. You can learn more about what goes into these numbers in our detailed article on German Shepherd Puppy Price Explained.

On the other hand, adopting a German Shepherd from a rescue organization or shelter generally comes with a much lower fee, often ranging from $200 to $800. These adoption fees typically cover a host of services, including spaying or neutering, up-to-date vaccinations, microchipping, and often a thorough health check-up. Many rescues also provide behavioral assessments and even some initial training, giving you a clearer picture of the dog's personality and needs. Adopting an adult German Shepherd can be a wonderful option, as you bypass the challenging puppy phase and often receive a dog whose personality is already developed, making it easier to match them with your family's lifestyle. While you might not know the full genetic history of a rescue dog, the compassion and dedication of rescue organizations often mean you're getting a dog that has already received significant care and attention. If you're considering this route, be sure to read our guide on How to Find a Reputable German Shepherd Breeder for what to look for, as many of the principles for finding a good fit apply even in rescue situations.

Essential Startup Supplies and Preparations

Bringing your German Shepherd home means more than just opening the door; it requires a foundational set of supplies to ensure their comfort, safety, and well-being from day one. These initial purchases can easily add several hundred dollars to your startup costs, but they are absolutely non-negotiable for responsible ownership. Thinking these items through beforehand helps avoid frantic last-minute trips to the pet store.

First on the list is a sturdy crate. For a German Shepherd, you're going to need a large or extra-large size, which can cost anywhere from $70 to $200, depending on the material and features. Crates are invaluable for house-training, providing a safe den, and managing situations when you can't supervise your dog directly. Next, you'll need quality food and water bowls, preferably stainless steel or ceramic, which are easy to clean and more hygienic than plastic. Factor in at least $20-$50 for a good set. A comfortable dog bed, sized for a large breed, can range from $50 to $150, but it's an investment in your dog's rest and joint health. Then there are the basics for walks and identification: a durable collar or harness, a strong leash, and an ID tag with your contact information. These items combined will likely cost $30-$80.

Beyond the hardware, don't forget the fun stuff! German Shepherds are intelligent and active dogs, requiring mental and physical stimulation. A few durable chew toys and puzzle toys are essential to prevent boredom and destructive behaviors, setting you back another $30-$100. Lastly, but critically, are the initial veterinary expenses. Even if your puppy or adopted dog has had some initial care, a "welcome home" vet check-up is vital. This first visit, along with any necessary booster vaccinations, deworming, or parasite prevention, can cost $100-$300. This early health assessment establishes a baseline and allows your vet to address any immediate concerns. Setting aside a budget for these initial essentials ensures a smooth and welcoming transition for your new family member.

The Ongoing Financial Commitment: Daily Life with a German Shepherd

Once your German Shepherd has settled in, the initial costs transition into a steady stream of ongoing expenses. These are the regular, predictable outlays that keep your dog healthy, happy, and well-cared for. It's crucial to understand these monthly and annual costs to truly grasp the financial scope of owning this magnificent breed.

Food and Nutrition Expenses

Feeding a German Shepherd isn't like feeding a Chihuahua; these are large, active dogs with significant caloric and nutritional needs. The type and quality of food you choose will be one of your most substantial ongoing expenses. You truly get what you pay for when it comes to dog food, and skimping here can lead to health issues down the line.

A high-quality kibble formulated for large breeds, especially those with sensitive stomachs or prone to joint issues, is often recommended. Brands like Royal Canin German Shepherd or Purina Pro Plan are popular choices, but even within these lines, prices can vary. Expect to pay anywhere from $60 to $100 or more per month for a premium kibble, as a fully grown German Shepherd can consume 3-5 cups of food daily. If you opt for specialized diets, such as grain-free, limited ingredient, or prescription foods due to allergies or health conditions, those costs can climb even higher. Beyond just kibble, many owners supplement their German Shepherd's diet with joint support, fish oil, or other beneficial additions, adding another $20-$50 per month. You can dive deeper into this topic with our German Shepherd Feeding Guide and explore specific recommendations in our article on the Best Dog Food for German Shepherds.

For those who lean towards fresh food or raw diets, the costs will be significantly higher. Subscription fresh food services, like Ollie, which deliver pre-portioned, human-grade meals, can easily run $150-$300 or more per month for a large breed like a German Shepherd. While these diets can offer numerous health benefits, they demand a more substantial portion of your monthly budget. Similarly, preparing a balanced raw or homemade diet requires careful research, sourcing quality ingredients, and often supplementing to ensure complete nutrition, all of which come with a premium price tag. The key is to choose the best food you can reasonably afford, prioritizing quality ingredients that support your German Shepherd's health and energy levels, considering their specific needs and activity levels. Online retailers like Chewy often have competitive pricing and auto-ship options that can help manage these costs slightly.

Veterinary Care and Preventative Health

Routine veterinary care is absolutely essential for keeping your German Shepherd healthy and catching potential issues early. Think of it as preventative maintenance for your beloved companion; a small investment now can prevent much larger, more expensive problems down the road. These costs are a non-negotiable part of responsible ownership.

Annual vet check-ups for a healthy adult German Shepherd typically cost between $100 and $300, which usually includes a physical exam, essential vaccinations (like rabies and distemper boosters), and potentially routine fecal and heartworm tests. Beyond these annual visits, you'll need to budget for year-round parasite prevention. Flea, tick, and heartworm medications are crucial, especially for active dogs who spend a lot of time outdoors. These preventative treatments, whether oral or topical, can run approximately $20-$50 per month, or about $240-$600 annually. For puppies, the first year is often more expensive, with multiple rounds of vaccinations, deworming, and spaying or neutering, which can collectively cost $500-$1000 or more.

However, it's the unexpected veterinary visits that can truly strain your budget. German Shepherds, despite their robust appearance, are prone to certain health conditions. An emergency visit for something like a sudden illness, an injury, or a suspected case of German Shepherd Bloat: Signs and Prevention can quickly escalate into hundreds or even thousands of dollars. A simple X-ray and medication can cost $300-$800, while emergency surgery could easily run $3,000-$10,000 or more. This is why having a dedicated emergency fund or exploring pet insurance is so vital, a point we'll delve into further shortly. Proactive care, including dental cleanings (which can cost $300-$800 per session, especially if anesthesia is required), is also a part of maintaining their overall health, but it all adds up.

Grooming and Maintenance

German Shepherds are renowned for their magnificent double coats, but that beautiful fur comes with a significant amount of shedding and maintenance. If you're envisioning a low-maintenance grooming routine, you might be in for a surprise. This isn't just about aesthetics; proper grooming contributes to your dog's overall skin health and comfort.

The good news is that much of a German Shepherd's grooming can be done at home, saving on professional grooming costs. However, you'll need to invest in a few essential tools. A high-quality deshedding tool (like a Furminator or similar brush designed for double coats), a slicker brush, a comb, nail clippers or a grinder, and dog-specific shampoo and conditioner are must-haves. These initial purchases can total $50-$150, but they'll last a long time. The real ongoing cost is your time and effort. German Shepherds typically need brushing several times a week, and daily during their "blow coat" seasons (usually twice a year) when they shed prodigious amounts of undercoat. Regular brushing not only helps manage shedding but also prevents matting and distributes natural oils, keeping their skin and coat healthy.

Bathing frequency can vary, but generally, a German Shepherd needs a bath every 1-3 months, or whenever they get particularly dirty. Professional grooming for a large dog like a German Shepherd, which includes bathing, drying, deshedding, and nail trimming, can cost $70-$150 per session, depending on your location and the groomer's rates. If you opt for professional services regularly, this can easily add $300-$900 to your annual expenses. Beyond brushing and bathing, regular nail trims are vital to prevent discomfort and joint issues, usually needed every 2-4 weeks. If you're uncomfortable doing this yourself, a quick trip to the vet or groomer for a nail trim usually costs $15-$30. Ear cleaning is another routine task, especially for dogs prone to ear infections, requiring special ear cleaning solution ($10-$20 a bottle). It’s clear that whether you DIY or go pro, grooming is an ongoing, albeit manageable, expense for a German Shepherd.

Training, Enrichment, and Socialization Costs

German Shepherds are highly intelligent and energetic dogs, meaning that mental stimulation, proper training, and extensive socialization are not just beneficial, but absolutely necessary for a well-adjusted companion. These elements, while often overlooked in initial budget planning, represent a significant ongoing investment in your dog's behavior and your relationship with them. Neglecting these areas can lead to frustrating behavioral issues that may cost far more to correct down the line.

Professional Training Classes and Tools

From puppyhood through adulthood, training is an ongoing journey with a German Shepherd. While much can be achieved through self-study and consistency, professional guidance can be invaluable, especially for first-time owners or those encountering specific challenges.

Puppy socialization classes, often held weekly for 6-8 weeks, are highly recommended and can cost $150-$300. These classes provide crucial early exposure to other dogs, people, and environments in a controlled setting. Following puppy classes, basic obedience training, covering commands like sit, stay, come, and leash manners, is a must. Group obedience classes typically run $150-$400 for a multi-week session. For German Shepherds, given their strong drive and protective instincts, advanced obedience or specialized training might be beneficial. Options like canine good citizen (CGC) preparation, agility, protection sports (like IGP/Schutzhund), or even therapy dog training can further enhance their skills and provide mental exercise. These specialized courses can range from $200-$600 per program, with ongoing weekly classes costing $30-$70 each. If you encounter specific behavioral problems like reactivity or aggression, private training sessions with a certified professional can be more effective but also more expensive, often $100-$250 per hour. Our guide on How to Train a German Shepherd provides a great starting point for understanding their training needs.

Beyond the classes themselves, you’ll need a few training tools. High-value training treats (a monthly expense of $10-$30), a comfortable training leash, a sturdy collar or harness (sometimes a head halter or prong collar for specific training, used under professional guidance), and a clicker can add up. These initial tool purchases might be $50-$100, but some, like collars and leashes, will need replacing over time. While the upfront costs for training may seem substantial, consider them an investment in a happy, well-behaved dog that is a joy to live with, rather than a constant source of frustration and potential problems.

Enrichment Activities and Socialization

A German Shepherd's mind and body thrive on activity. Simply providing food and shelter isn't enough; you need to actively engage them to prevent boredom, anxiety, and destructive behaviors. This means budgeting for more than just formal training sessions.

Enrichment can take many forms. For owners who work long hours, doggy daycare or a professional dog walker can be an excellent way to ensure your German Shepherd gets adequate exercise and social interaction during the day. Doggy daycare can cost $25-$50 per day, or $200-$500 per month for regular attendance. A dog walker might charge $15-$30 for a 30-minute walk. These services are particularly beneficial for energetic breeds like German Shepherds, helping to prevent issues like German Shepherd Separation Anxiety Solutions or excessive barking stemming from boredom. Even if you're home, regular trips to dog parks, hiking trails, or engaging in dog sports offer vital physical and mental outlets. While some of these activities might be free, others, like specialized club memberships or entry fees for events, could incur costs. Our article on German Shepherd Exercise Requirements offers more insights into their physical needs.

Furthermore, German Shepherds benefit immensely from continued socialization throughout their lives. This might mean arranging playdates with trusted, well-behaved dogs or taking them to pet-friendly public places to practice their manners around distractions. To keep their intelligent minds sharp at home, invest in durable puzzle toys and interactive feeders, which can cost $20-$60 each and need occasional replacement. German Shepherds are notorious power chewers, so budget for sturdy chew toys that can withstand their strong jaws, which will need frequent replacement, costing $15-$40 per toy. These items are not luxuries; they are essential for preventing boredom and fostering a calm, confident, and well-adjusted companion. The ongoing cost of enrichment is truly an investment in preventing future behavioral issues, which can be far more expensive to address.

Preparing for the Unexpected: Health Issues and Pet Insurance

One of the most significant and often terrifying aspects of German Shepherd ownership, from a financial perspective, is the potential for unexpected health issues. While responsible breeding and preventative care can mitigate some risks, no dog is immune to illness or injury. These unforeseen circumstances can lead to staggering veterinary bills that quickly dwarf all other expenses combined.

Common German Shepherd Health Concerns and Treatment Costs

German Shepherds, like many large purebred dogs, are predisposed to certain genetic and acquired health conditions. Being aware of these and understanding their potential treatment costs is crucial for financial preparedness. Ignoring these possibilities is not an option; they are a realistic part of owning this breed.

Among the most prevalent issues are orthopedic problems, particularly German Shepherd Hip Dysplasia: Symptoms and Treatment and elbow dysplasia. These conditions can manifest at various ages and often require expensive interventions. Diagnostic imaging (X-rays, MRI) alone can cost $300-$1,000. If surgery is recommended, such as a total hip replacement (THR) or triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO), you could be looking at $4,000-$7,000 per hip. Even non-surgical management with pain medication, physical therapy, and supplements can easily accumulate hundreds of dollars monthly over a dog's lifetime. Another serious concern is bloat (Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus or GDV), a life-threatening condition where the stomach twists. Emergency surgery for bloat is typically $3,000-$7,000, and without immediate intervention, it is fatal. Our article on German Shepherd Bloat Emergency: What to Do outlines the critical steps.

Beyond orthopedic and acute emergencies, German Shepherds are also susceptible to conditions like Degenerative Myelopathy in German Shepherds, a progressive neurological disease with no cure, requiring management tools like wheelchairs and ongoing supportive care (often $100-$300+ monthly). Other potential issues include Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI), which requires daily enzyme supplements ($50-$150 monthly), various allergies requiring specialized diets or medications ($50-$200 monthly), and certain types of cancer, with treatment costs ranging from several thousand to tens of thousands depending on the type and stage. These figures aren't meant to scare you, but to provide a realistic picture of the financial burden that can arise from a serious health crisis. Having a plan for these scenarios is a vital part of responsible German Shepherd ownership.

The Role of Pet Insurance or an Emergency Fund

Given the high potential for expensive veterinary treatments, many German Shepherd owners grapple with how to best prepare financially for the unexpected. The two primary options are investing in pet insurance or diligently building a dedicated emergency savings fund. Both have their merits and require careful consideration.

Pet insurance works much like human health insurance, helping to cover a percentage of veterinary costs for accidents, illnesses, and sometimes even routine wellness. Providers like Healthy Paws offer various plans, with monthly premiums for a German Shepherd typically ranging from $40 to $100, depending on factors like your dog's age, your location, the deductible you choose, and the reimbursement percentage. While premiums are an ongoing expense, a good policy can provide immense peace of mind, especially when faced with a $5,000 surgery. Most plans require you to pay the vet bill upfront and then submit a claim for reimbursement, though some newer options offer direct payment to vets. It's crucial to thoroughly research different plans, paying close attention to what's covered (e.g., hereditary conditions, chronic illnesses), waiting periods, annual limits, and exclusions (like pre-existing conditions). Our article "Is Pet Insurance Worth It for a German Shepherd?" delves into this topic in much greater detail.

Alternatively, some owners prefer to self-insure by establishing a dedicated emergency fund. This involves regularly setting aside money into a separate savings account, strictly earmarked for your dog's potential health crises. A realistic target for a German Shepherd emergency fund would be $5,000-$10,000, given the potential costs of major surgeries or long-term care. The benefit here is that if your dog remains healthy, you retain the money. However, the risk is that a major incident could occur before you've saved enough, leaving you in a difficult financial predicament. Whichever route you choose – pet insurance or a robust emergency fund – having a plan for those "what if" scenarios is perhaps the most critical financial preparation you can make as a German Shepherd owner. It's about ensuring you can provide the best possible care for your dog without facing impossible financial strain during their time of need.

Beyond the Wallet: The Intangible Value of a German Shepherd

While we’ve meticulously dissected the financial aspects of owning a German Shepherd, it's critical to acknowledge that the true "worth" of this breed extends far beyond monetary value. German Shepherds offer a profound, often life-changing, return on investment that cannot be quantified in dollars and cents. These are the intangible benefits that enrich our lives and solidify their place as one of the most beloved and respected dog breeds.

Unwavering Loyalty and Companionship

One of the most defining characteristics of a German Shepherd is their unparalleled loyalty. These dogs form incredibly deep bonds with their families, often to the point of being devoted shadows. This isn't just a casual affection; it's a profound connection that translates into unwavering companionship and a strong protective instinct.

Your German Shepherd will likely be the most constant presence in your life, greeting you with enthusiastic wags, following you from room to room, and always being ready for a cuddle or a game of fetch. This deep bond fosters a sense of security and belonging for both dog and owner. For individuals or families looking for a true partner, a German Shepherd fits the bill perfectly. Their protective nature means they instinctively guard their home and loved ones, offering a sense of safety and peace of mind that is truly invaluable. They become keen observers of your moods, offering comfort when you're down and sharing in your joys. This emotional support system, an ever-present, loving companion, can significantly enhance mental well-being and reduce feelings of loneliness. Many owners describe their German Shepherd as a true family member, a best friend, and a confidante, a bond that makes all the financial investments feel utterly worthwhile.

Intelligence, Trainability, and Versatility

The German Shepherd's reputation for intelligence and trainability is not exaggerated; it's a fundamental aspect of their breed that offers immense value to their owners. This is a dog that thrives on having a job to do and loves to learn, making them incredibly versatile companions capable of excelling in a myriad of roles.

Their high intelligence means they pick up commands quickly and enjoy mental challenges. This makes training sessions incredibly rewarding, transforming complex tasks into achievable goals. Whether it's mastering basic obedience, learning intricate tricks, or participating in advanced dog sports like agility or IGP (formerly Schutzhund), a German Shepherd rises to the occasion. This trainability also makes them exceptionally adaptable. They can seamlessly transition from being a calm, respectful house dog to an eager participant in outdoor adventures, or even a focused working dog. Many German Shepherds serve as therapy dogs, service dogs, search and rescue dogs, or police and military K9s, showcasing their incredible capacity for diverse tasks. This versatility means they can integrate into various lifestyles and fulfill different needs, always eager to please and to put their minds to work.

The joy of working with such a capable and intelligent animal is a unique reward. The pride you feel when your German Shepherd executes a complex command flawlessly or navigates an obstacle course with grace is truly special. This mental engagement also contributes to a well-behaved dog, as a stimulated German Shepherd is less likely to engage in destructive boredom-driven behaviors. The ongoing mental exercise and the shared experience of learning and achieving together forge an even deeper connection, proving that their keen mind is truly one of their greatest assets.

Making the Decision: Is a German Shepherd Right for Your Budget and Lifestyle?

After exploring the myriad of costs associated with German Shepherd ownership, both upfront and ongoing, the big question remains: Is this breed worth the cost for you? The answer isn't a simple yes or no; it's deeply personal and depends entirely on your financial readiness, your lifestyle, and your willingness to commit fully to this incredible companion.

Assessing Your Financial Readiness

Before you commit to a German Shepherd, it's essential to conduct a brutally honest self-assessment of your financial situation. This isn't just about whether you can afford the initial purchase or adoption fee; it's about evaluating your long-term capacity to provide for all of their needs for 10-14 years.

Start by creating a realistic budget that incorporates all the expenses we've discussed: initial supplies, monthly food and treats, annual routine vet care, ongoing parasite prevention, potential training classes, grooming supplies, and most importantly, a robust emergency fund or pet insurance premiums. Consider fluctuations in costs, such as increased food consumption during growth spurts or higher vet bills as they age. Look at your disposable income and how a German Shepherd’s expenses would impact it. Can you comfortably cover these costs without sacrificing other important financial goals or feeling constantly stressed? Remember, German Shepherds require high-quality food, durable toys, and access to professional veterinary care; cutting corners on these essentials can lead to health and behavioral problems that cost more in the long run. If your budget is already stretched thin, it might be wise to wait until your financial situation is more stable. Owning a German Shepherd is a significant financial undertaking, and being upfront about your financial readiness is the most responsible choice you can make for both yourself and your future dog.

Balancing Cost with Quality of Life for Your Dog

Ultimately, the "worth" of a German Shepherd isn't just about your capacity to pay, but about your ability to provide a high quality of life that justifies the financial investment. It's about whether you can truly meet their physical, mental, and emotional needs, not just their basic survival.

A German Shepherd isn't a passive pet; they thrive when they are active, engaged, and integrated into family life. This means dedicating time and effort to daily exercise, consistent training, mental stimulation, and plenty of social interaction. If your lifestyle doesn't allow for long walks, training sessions, or active play, then even if you can afford them financially, a German Shepherd might not truly thrive in your home. The investment you make in their food, vet care, and training directly contributes to their health, longevity, and overall happiness. Seeing your German Shepherd healthy, happy, and well-adjusted, responding to your commands, and sharing in your adventures – that is the true return on your investment. The deep bond, loyalty, and companionship they offer are priceless, making every penny spent feel worthwhile when you witness the joy they bring into your life. So, while the financial cost is substantial, the immeasurable love and fulfillment they provide often far outweigh it, as long as you are prepared to meet their comprehensive needs.

Here's a breakdown of potential costs to help you visualize the financial commitment:

Expense Category	Typical Cost Range (USD)	Frequency	Notes
Initial Costs
Puppy from Reputable Breeder	$1,500 – $5,000+	One-time	Varies by lineage, health testing, titles.
Adoption Fee (Rescue/Shelter)	$200 – $800	One-time	Often includes spay/neuter, vaccinations, microchip.
Startup Supplies (Crate, bowls, leash, bed, toys)	$300 – $800	One-time	For initial setup; replacements needed over time.
First Vet Visit/Vaccinations	$100 – $300	One-time	Initial check-up, booster shots.
Spay/Neuter (if not included)	$200 – $500	One-time	Can be higher for larger dogs or complications.
Ongoing Monthly Costs
Food (High-quality large breed)	$60 – $150	Monthly	Higher for raw/fresh diets (e.g., Ollie).
Treats	$10 – $30	Monthly	Training treats, dental chews.
Flea, Tick, Heartworm Preventatives	$20 – $50	Monthly	Crucial for year-round protection.
Toys/Chews (replacements)	$15 – $40	Monthly	German Shepherds are strong chewers.
Pet Insurance Premiums	$40 – $100	Monthly	Varies by plan, deductible, and dog's age/location (e.g., Healthy Paws).
Ongoing Annual Costs
Annual Vet Check-up/Boosters	$100 – $300	Annually	Does not include unexpected illness.
Professional Grooming	$0 – $900	Annually	DIY is cheaper; professional baths/desheds can be $70-$150 per session.
Training Classes/Workshops	$0 – $600+	Annually	Varies based on ambition and need (e.g., puppy, obedience, advanced, agility).
Dental Cleaning (professional)	$300 – $800	Annually	If needed, usually under anesthesia.
Licensing/Registration	$15 – $50	Annually	Required in most jurisdictions.
Potential Emergency Fund	$5,000 – $10,000	Recommended	For unexpected illnesses, injuries, or surgeries (e.g., bloat, hip dysplasia surgery).

Disclaimer

The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute veterinary advice. Always consult with a qualified veterinarian for any health concerns or before making any decisions about your German Shepherd's care or diet. Individual costs may vary significantly based on location, specific veterinary practices, product choices, and your dog's individual health needs.